Home/Rod Dreher

The Heartland Global Warming Scandal

Last week, I think it was, there was a big swivet over some leaked, or stolen, documents from the Heartland Institute, purporting to show the underhanded role the think tank plays in pushing climate-change denialism. Though I generally believe the case for man-made global warming, and hate the way many conservatives treat the whole thing as a test of ideological purity, I hesitated writing about all of this after seeing Megan McArdle’s post raising questions about the authenticity of one of the documents. Nota bene, some of them are true and accurate, and reflect poorly on Heartland. But Heartland adamantly claimed that one of the worst was a fabrication. McArdle said they might have a point, and made a case for her suspicions about this sting.

She was right, at least in part. As McArdle posts tonight, Peter Gleick, chair (until, like, yesterday) of the American Geophysical Union’s Task Force on Scientific Ethics, confesses to having contacted Heartland under a false name, and tricked them into sending him the confidential material. As a gobsmacked McArdle writes:

This is . . . just . . . words fail me . . . I mean, seriously . . . um . . . well, what the hey?!?!

The very, very best thing that one can say about this is that this would be an absolutely astonishing lapse of judgement for someone in their mid-twenties, and is truly flabbergasting coming from a research institute head in his mid-fifties.  Let’s walk through the thought process:

You receive an anonymous memo in the mail purporting to be the secret climate strategy of the Heartland Institute.  It is not printed on Heartland Institute letterhead, has no information identifying the supposed author or audience, contains weird locutions more typical of Heartland’s opponents than of climate skeptics, and appears to have been written in a somewhat slapdash fashion.  Do you:

A.  Throw it in the trash

B.  Reach out to like-minded friends to see how you might go about confirming its provenance

C.  Tell no one, but risk a wire-fraud conviction, the destruction of your career, and a serious PR blow to your movement by impersonating a Heartland board member in order to obtain confidential documents.

As a journalist, I am in fact the semi-frequent recipient of documents promising amazing scoops, and depending on the circumstances, my answer is always “A” or “B”, never “C”.

It’s a gross violation of journalistic ethics, though perhaps Gleick would argue that he’s not a journalist–and in truth, it’s hard to feel too sorry for Heartland, given how gleefully they embraced the ClimateGate leaks.  So leave ethics aside: wasn’t he worried that impersonating board members in order to obtain confidential material might be, I don’t know, illegal?  Forget about the morality of it: the risk is all out of proportion to the possible reward.

Read McArdle’s entire post. If you like, here is Heartland’s reaction to Gleick’s confession. Looks like Pete better lawyer up. To be clear, this by no means exonerates Heartland from the embarrassing material in the bona fide documents. But Peter Gleick lied to trick someone into giving him confidential information. In so doing, he made himself the story — and handed to his opponents a public relations victory of monumental proportions.

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A Whole Foods Mardi Gras

Here’s a photo of the remains of the king cake we bought at Whole Foods today:

The little plastic baby is phthalate-free, and comes with instructions on how to deploy him safely. Lord have mercy, that’s Whole Foods for you. SWPLs hate they phthalates. Though I missed the umami goodness of phthalate essence, it was, in fact, quite possibly the best king cake I’ve ever eaten. Happy Mardi Gras, people.

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Park Slope: Lefty. Bourgeois. Totalitarian.

How exhausting it must be to be a liberal in Park Slope, Brooklyn, where you can never stop thinking about politics, especially cultural politics. Remember the 2006 Park Slope freak-out over a resident posting a “found” notice on a neighborhood e-mail list involving what she identified as a “boy’s hat”? The gender politics exploded over that one. It started with this:

I’m sorry, I know that you are just trying to be helpful, but what makes this a “boy’s hat”? Did you see the boy himself loose it? Or does the hat in question possess an unmistakable scent of testosterone?

It’s innocent little comments like this that I find the most hurtful…

What does this comment imply about the girl who chooses to wear just such a hat (or something like it)? Is she doing something wrong? Is there something wrong with her?

And then the crazies really came out. At one point:

As someone else pointed out, this was the very same forum where, just recently, all kinds of people wrote of the anguish they felt about their young children already acting in gender-stereotyped ways. Although I myself did not realize at first that there was anything amiss about saying “boys’ hat,” and I say things like that, unwittingly, all the time, I do recognize how such expressions are caused by and contribute to gender stereotyping. Without people to point this out to us, how do we change our language, and thereby change the way our children perceive gender?

Can you imagine? Well, here’s the latest Park Slope bourgeois lefty Gotterdammerung, via the Wall Street Journal:

After three years of heated debate, the Park Slope Food Coop is at last ready for a vote.

That is, a vote on if, in fact, there should be a vote at all.

Next month, the 15,500-plus member cooperative will decide whether to hold a referendum on what may be the most controversial issue in its nearly 40-year history: a boycott of products made in Israel.

The boycott—which has dominated the coop’s newsletter with back-and-forth letters for months—is expected to draw as many as 1,000 people, forcing co-op staff to look for an alternative meeting location.

… The co-op is used to spirited discussions. The decision to introduce meat at an institution where organic and nonorganic products don’t comingle was divisive. The green light to sell beer came only after two referendums spaced more than a decade apart. And a ban on bottled water took two years to push through.

But the issue of an Israeli boycott has evolved into the most polarizing debate yet.

What an exhausting place to live, and to shop. I’m all for mindful eating, but this is insane.
UPDATE: I am surprised that I have to post this update, but judging from many of the comments, well … no, I don’t think that the Park Slope Co-op is really like Soviet Russia or Mao’s China. I was attempting to engage in what rhetoricians call “comic hyperbole.” As an example, see the “Soup Nazi” episode of Seinfeld, in which the soup shop owner’s attempts to control his customers earns him that comic-hyperbolic moniker. He is not, in fact, a National Socialist. I’m sure Jerry Seinfeld would appreciate you clearing this up for him. Please write to him in care of his agent:

George Shapiro

Shapiro/West & Associates

141 El Camino Drive

Suite 205

Beverly Hills, CA 90212

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Homeschooling Boosts the Liberal Society

Conor Friedersdorf defends homeschooling. Excerpt:

Society benefits from institutional diversity too. Goldstein writes, “I benefited from 13 years of public education in one of the most diverse and progressive school districts in the United States. My father, stepmother, stepfather, and grandfather are or were public school educators.” Says deBoer, “What I learned by coming up, K-12, surrounded by children who were not like me on many dimensions was that this diversity is in and of itself the best education.” They seem curiously blind to the fact that many attendees of private schools and homeschooling collectives can speak as eloquently about unique things they learned at school. The Catholic school system, where I was educated, soured me on the faith, but I was able to glean substantial wisdom from the Catholic perspective on the world, and I’d doubtless have learned a different set of valuable lessons had I been educated by Hindus or Muslims or Alan Jacobs.

Would these different sorts of wisdom all survive if an increasingly centralized public school system operated as a monopoly? Aren’t we better off in a society that draws on folks who got different sorts of education? Some progressives seem to think a diverse society is one where every 14-year-old in America arrives at school, pledges allegiance to the nation’s flag, takes out an American history textbook shaped by panels of bureaucrats in California and Texas, and proceeds to be guided by a teacher with a state issued credential in how best to pass a standardized test. Who is celebrating diversity, the champions of putting every kid in the education wonk’s vision of the ideal classroom, or the folks who want some kids to start their day interacting with multi-ethnic classmates while others start their school day praying and still others learn about raising backyard chickens?

The final question is what sort of educational system is likely to produce the best results in the long run, or to be more specific, what system is best suited to evolving in advantageous ways. I’d bet on the diversified system, the one where there are always competitors with different models to measure public schools against.

Read the whole thing. 

 

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Women & Culture War

Reader GingerMan points to these two James Poulos posts — here’s the first, and here’s the second — as being accurate descriptions of the culture war, as it touches upon human sexuality. GingerMan writes:

It comes down to belief in natural law vs. the liberation of the protean self.

The precise problem facing cultural conservatives is that we have a rights-based legal and constitutional framework combined with a large and polyglot cultural society. Coming to agreement upon the boundaries of natural law seems to be well nigh impossible in such an environment, therefore only procedural liberalism can fill the vacuum.

Poulos writes, in his first column:

In a simpler time Sigmund Freud struggled to understand what women want. Today the significant battle is over what women are for. None of our culture warriors are anywhere close to settling the matter. The prevailing answer is the non-answer, a Newt-worthy challenge to the premise that insists the real purpose of women is nothing in particular.

Such an answer may or may not be a landmark in the progress of the human race, but it is anathema to most conservatives of any political party, and for that reason conservative folkways, prejudices, and ideals are once again on trial.

Poulos explores the divisions on the cultural left about the purpose of femininity, and of women, if indeed there is purpose there. If women are entirely free to define themselves and to choose their own behavior, then that puts them in conflict with others on the cultural left. In his follow-up column, written in response to an avalanche of contempt from the left, Poulos writes:

It’s not very controversial to point out that sex and gender are foundational to the culture wars. But it is apparently extremely controversial to claim that we can’t make sense of how and why they’re foundational without acknowledging that the root of the battle is over reaching — and enforcing — a consensus about the relationship between what women do and who women are.

This despite the fact that many on both sides of the culture war are frank about their desire to craft an enforceable consensus on issues like abortion, birth control, prostitution, gay marriage, and gay adoption.

For many on both sides, the belief is that their opponents really do stand for barbarism and against civilization. Supporters of the right to choose to have an abortion are believed by many pro-life people to support a barbaric, uncivilized act. Those who would restrict officially recognized marriages to one man and one woman are seen by many gay marriage advocates as using the power of the law to atavistically reverse the partly organic, partly hard-fought progress of civilization.

I confess I don’t really understand what James is advocating for, other than the general point that GingerMan discerns, and James’s view that the clash of orthodoxies here is more than our political system can bear. But that itself is enough. Read the responses to James’s columns, and you see how fierce this battle is. There’s a reason it’s called a culture war — and I do wish the left would disabuse itself of the pretense that only the right fights it.

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Giving Up Facebook For Lent

A young friend who’s in college gave up Facebook for the spring semester, saying it was too much of a distraction, and that she needed to focus on her schoolwork. She told me recently that getting off of Facebook was a really smart move. She was an avid Facebooker.

Longtime readers know that I keep Facebook very much at arm’s length. I see the appeal, but I don’t have time for it. I never check it. Every day I approve friend requests automatically, but again, I never actually use Facebook, so I don’t know why I do it. The more I read about how Facebook compromises one’s privacy, the more I question whether I ought to be participating in it. The one thing I do use it for is the occasion that someone who doesn’t know my e-mail address wishes to write me — but even then it can be a long time before I get that message, depending on how often I check it. Oh, and sometimes it’s easier to write to old friends via FB than to try to remember their current e-mail address. So that’s another use.

I don’t hate Facebook, but I do sometimes wonder if I’m giving people a false impression of my availability by having an FB page. And, well, the privacy thing. What’s the point in being a part of something I never participate in, and possibly compromising my privacy? I’m feeling very Bartleby the Scrivener about Facebook these days. Maybe I should give it up for Lent. Simplify, simplify, et cetera.

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What Is Education For?

Ken Myers — whose fantastic Mars Hill Audio Journal you Christians in my readership really ought to subscribe to — delivered the keynote address last year to a conference of the Society for Classical Learning, an organization devoted to promoting and supporting the classical model of education among Christians. There are variations on the classical model within Christian communities, but they all involve the study of Greco-Roman literature and philosophy, and the Christian humanist tradition of the West. At the SCL convention in Baltimore last summer, Ken spoke on the importance of classical education in our own time and place. I will quote generously from his speech, with his permission:

Education as technical training—as no more than the conferring of information and skills — is a view that was articulated by that most rational and disenchanted of modern social theorists, Max Weber. Like [Stanley] Fish, Weber was adamant in rejecting the idea that education should have a goal of being “improving.” As Mark Schwehn has observed, Weber believed that “Academics were . . . true to their own calling when they steadfastly refused to address questions about the meaning . . . or the purpose of human life.”

Weber believed that all academic disciplines—all spheres of thought and study, such as history or aesthetics or law—were unrelated and warring vocations. What is lost in this radical segregation of disciplines from each other and from life beyond the classroom is our knowledge of and submission to the unity of truth, and our affirmation of the principle that the knowledge of the truth always carries consequences. What is lost, in other words, is the recognition that we are creatures with a nature and ends given to us, who inhabit a coherent and meaningful Creation, within which the pursuit of knowledge always involves obligations.

More:

Weber was quite explicit—in ways that Stanley Fish is not—that this impersonal, compartmentalized, and value-free approach to knowledge encouraged the cultivation of a type of human being well-suited to the rationalized character of modern political, economic, and social institutions. Weber opened the address in which he most forcefully advanced his view of learning by stating: “The fate of our times is characterized by rationalization and intellectualization and, above all, by the disenchantment of the world. Precisely the ultimate and most sublime values have retreated from public life either into the transcendental realm of mystical life or into the brotherliness of direct and personal human relations.” By “rationalization,” Weber meant that all of public life was reducible to calculation. And so the best inhabitants and managers of modern public institutions live by sheer calculation, unimpeded by the messiness of moral or metaphysical considerations. Values, after all, have come to be seen as private matters, so education can safely be indifferent to them, since education serves public ends.

While Stanley Fish insists that he and his academic colleagues cannot and should not be concerned with character formation, in fact a kind of character is encouraged when the pursuit of academic knowledge is abstracted from the possibility of wider meaning and significance and the human commitments they entail. As Mark Schwehn has observed, “on Weber’s account, the process of knowledge formation, if conducted rationally, really does favor and cultivate the emergence of a particular personality type. And this personality does exhibit virtues—clarity, but not charity, honesty, but not friendliness, devotion to the calling, but not loyalty to particular and local communities of learning.”

The point here is that there is no such thing as a values-neutral education. All forms of education are meant to form a certain kind of person. There is no escaping it. What kind of person — what kind of mind, what kind of soul — does your pedagogy create?

More:

About the same time that [C.S.] Lewis wrote his magnificent book The Abolition of Man, the American rhetorician and literary critic Richard Weaver asserted—in his book Ideas Have Consequences—that “I see no way to sum up the offense of modern man except to say that he is impious.” Piety, in this classical sense, was (Weaver argued) “a discipline of the will through respect. It admits the right to exist of things larger than the ego, of things different from the ego.” Weaver is most concerned in this chapter of his book—a chapter called “Piety and Justice”—with the argument that the impiety of modern man is in impiety toward the order of nature; modern culture is committed to “an unrelenting assault upon this order; dominion, conquest, triumph— all these names have been used as if it were a military campaign.”

Lewis suggested that provincialism in time is a Satanic strategy; similarly, Weaver regarded this insolent posture toward Creation as a sin, at least in some sense: “Nothing short of a recovery of the ancient virtue of pietàs can absolve man from this sin.” The modern war against nature is impious because “it violates the belief that creation or nature is fundamentally good, that the ultimate reason for its laws is a mystery, and that acts of defiance such as are daily celebrated by the newspapers are subversive of cosmos.”

I think that Lewis would have echoed everything Richard Weaver says here. Lewis’s point about the loss of the classical roots of education is principally that our posture toward the past is corrupted. But because people of the past cherished a different posture toward Creation, we are doubly cut off from the wisdom of the past. We are cut off from the substantial content of the teaching of previous eras, believing that if a teaching is old, it can’t be very smart. And we are cut off from a sense of duty, obligation, and gratitude toward our intellectual and social ancestors.

Real education cannot happen without some piety in this older sense. Education can never be reduced to training. Education of the young is always a process of acculturation, the nurturing of fledglings so that they might fly, by coming to understand and participate in an order of things that was there before they were. Literary critic Marion Montgomery once observed that “Education is the preparing of the mind for the presence of our common inheritance, the accumulated and accumulating knowledge of the truth of things.”

And:

If you’re familiar with C. S. Lewis’s The Abolition of Man, as you should be, you know that the long subtitle to that book begins with the phrase “Reflections on education . . .” It is a small book about many big things: science, natural law, ethics, but foremost it is a book about education and about the necessarily moral and spiritual center of education. Late in the book, Lewis refers to the role that education has had in equipping people for the great task of life, of discerning (in Lewis’s terms) “how to conform the soul to reality.” There’s a real world out there, a world of practical challenges and moral meaning, a world with spiritual consequences and recognizable patterns of wisdom and folly. And the project of each human being, the pilgrimage that engages all of us, the end for which we were given life, is to grow in discernment about reality, to understand it aright, both in its large patterns and in its specificity, and then, to find our place within it. The task for which education should begin to prepare us is that of rightly perceiving the shape of reality, and then rightly discerning the task established for us within its drama.

There is an objectivity to that reality, and hence receiving that inheritance is not simply acquiring skills of reasoning and analysis; it also involves receiving an account of “the truth of things.” Each generation of teachers says to the new generation of students: “This is the way things are, to the best of our understanding.”

And then, this critical passage:

One of my slogans is that cultural engagement without cultural wisdom leads to cultural captivity. I fear that many well-meaning believers—eager to share the Gospel with their neighbors and contemporaries—run the risk of becoming as wise as doves and as harmless as serpents. I see a lot of young Christians who have rightly rejected the modern account of rationality—especially as they have seen it embodied in the Church—but they have often then embraced the skepticism or irrationalism of radical postmodernity. They reject the arrogant hubris concerning the control of nature embedded in modern technology, but they can’t quite bring themselves to affirm the forms of transcendent givenness in the world, evident in truth, goodness, and beauty. And so they are tossed to and fro by the waves and every wind of fashion, fad, trend, and voguish style. Shaped more than they realize by the disorders of their culture— especially by the media-inflected impatience with careful and systematic thought, and by a suspicion of forms—they admirably want to be more like Jesus, but they’re not really sure they want to be more like Paul, Augustine, Aquinas, Calvin, or Jonathan Edwards.

What they are missing, I believe, is an awareness that the Church can only engage the culture by being a culture. The disordered way of life that is modern culture can only be challenged and restored when the Church bears witness to a way of living and an understanding of being that is not what the world gives. We need to recover a sense of the Church as a people, not a club or a dispensary or a clinic or a show, but something more like a nation, a polis.

Patristic scholar Robert Louis Wilken has, on numerous occasions, reminded us that the culturally transformative dynamic of the early Church was not the result of strategically attempting to influence Greco-Roman elites and institutions. Rather, the early Church demanded of its converts a commitment to an alternate way of life. Converts knew that by following Jesus, they were committing to membership in another nation. Rather than engaging the surrounding culture on its terms, the Church built “its own sense of community and it let these communities be the leaven that would gradually transform culture.” Early Christian leaders were more committed to building the Church—with a rich a thick material culture—than in promoting Christian values.

My talk today focused on the false understanding of education and of reason that characterized our society. That confusion is part of the systemic confusion of modernity, and is the cousin to faulty assumptions about authority, about sex, about freedom, about identity, about history, about the good life, and, not incidentally, about God. It is not enough for the Church to advance certain sound ideas about God—about sin and forgiveness—while imitating the confusion of its neighbors on everything else. Just as truth is intertwined with the affections, so beliefs are intertwined with practices and institutions that embody and sustain them.

I wish I could say “read the whole thing,” but as far as I know, it’s not published anywhere. But you can listen to this interview with Ken Myers about various aspects of classical Christian education. And again, if this kind of thinking interests you, you ought to subscribe to Mars Hill Audio Journal, an indispensable resource for thinking Christians living in this post-Christian era. Anyway, classical Christian education, whether done in an institutional setting or in homeschool, operates from an entirely different set of premises than does standard schooling. It seems to me that if we readers of this blog want to talk about different methods of education — progressive, public, private, parochial, homeschooling, etc. — we would have a more interesting, and profitable, discussion by starting with the question explored by Ken in his speech: What is education for? 

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Lauren Winner’s Next Chapter

I’m not a follower of the Evangelical writer Lauren Winner’s work, but I was surprised to read that she has been ordained an Episcopal priest, has been divorced from her husband, and has written a book about it, her second memoir. She’s 35. Excerpt from a story about it:

Winner said she no longer feels comfortable doling out advice on sexual ethics. Nor does she want to talk about her marriage or any other subsequent relationships. The couple were married six years and split up in 2009.

“Still” reflects that tightrope act: It is at once a veiled attempt to describe a personal crisis and what Lischer called a “book of hours,” a collection of devotions comprising prayers and meditations.

If her life turned out messy, Winner seems to say, why not use that as an example to help others going through similar quandaries?

“In Christianity there’s this script of, you do the right things and you will not come to that place of despair, and something is wrong with you if you do,” she said. “I didn’t feel I had an abundance of preparation for hitting that experience.”

Hmm. I’ve read her work before, and she’s a good writer, but I’m not sure that someone that young, with so much tumult in her background — raised Reform Jewish, she converted to Orthodox Judaism as an undergraduate, then to Christianity as a grad student; married, divorced, and now a priest — I’m not sure what someone so incredibly unsettled has to teach others about the spiritual life. I say that as someone who has followed a comparably winding, rocky, and restless spiritual path. It’s no false humility to say that I don’t have anything all that useful to advise people about how to conduct their spiritual lives, given the disorder and instability in my own history. It’s a relief to be working on a book about my sister’s way of life, to just tell it like it was for her, and to try to convey the lessons in the life and death of someone so alien in her steadfastness and certainty. It’s a disburdening process, simply learning how to shut up and learn something.

 

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Catholicism & Politics: Ireland’s Example

People interested in the “Catholic Moment” threads (see here and subsequently here) may be interested to read Russell Shorto’s long NYT Magazine piece from 2011 about the relationship between Church and State in Ireland, in the aftermath of the abuse scandals. (And people who aren’t, keep reading this post … I’m going to get to “Downton Abbey” in a moment.) From Shorto’s report:

Over the course of the 20th century, Station Island became a symbol of the way that Catholicism rooted itself in the Irish nation. Politics at the beginning of the century centered on two debates: British rule and religion. There were those — like the playwright George Bernard Shaw and the poet William Butler Yeats — who thought that the potential break with England constituted an occasion for Ireland to cut the strings to the Catholic Church and to embrace a progressive, international sensibility. Others wrapped Irish patriotism together with Catholicism, agrarian traditions and the Gaelic language, and they won the day. Eamon De Valera, the political leader, drafted a constitution side by side with the all-powerful archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid, which gave the Catholic Church a special role in state affairs and which to this day begins with the words, “In the name of the most holy trinity.”

Thus the 20th-century image of “Irishness” came into being: rural, charming, locked in an eternal, tragicomic struggle with the church. The archbishops of Dublin became something like grand inquisitors, wielding great power. The church’s heavy influence on Irish society kept the wider world at bay for a surprisingly long time. Eamon Maher told me that in the 1970s, his parents found it profoundly disorienting when the evening recitation of the rosary suddenly had to compete with American shows like “Dallas,” and “the world of wealth, flash cars and extramarital affairs.” Contraception was illegal in Ireland as recently as 1980, and until 1985 condoms were available only with a prescription.

As secularism advanced in other parts of the world, successive popes relied on Ireland as a bulwark and pushed Irish leaders to keep the church in the country’s structure. In 1977, Foreign Minister Garret FitzGerald noted that in a private meeting, Pope Paul VI stressed to him “that Ireland was a Catholic country — perhaps the only one left — and that it should stay that way” and that he should not “change any of the laws that kept the republic a Catholic state.” That continues to this day, according to Ivana Bacik, a senator for the opposition Labor Party who has been a leader in the effort to extricate the church from the state. As she put it, “In no other European nation — with the obvious exception of Vatican City — does the church have this depth of doctrinal involvement in the affairs of state.”

According to Abbot Hederman, the hierarchy of the church in Ireland believed that the nation had a special role as a kind of citadel of Catholicism: “Ireland was meant to be the purest country that ever existed, upholding the Catholic ideal of no sex except in marriage and then only for procreation. And the priest was to be the purest of the pure. It’s not difficult to understand how the whole system became riddled with what we now call a scandal but in fact was a complete culture. Because you had people with no understanding of their sexuality, of what sexuality even was, and they were in complete power.”

That arrangement has not worked out well for either the Irish Church, nor the Irish State. In fact, the power exercised by the Irish Church to suppress and silence the victims of its priests has all but destroyed the credibility of the Church. It seems to me that those who hope for a “Catholic Moment” in America — and I would count myself among them — have to account for the experience of Ireland. Does a “Catholic Moment” for a political culture make the fate of Ireland an inevitability? Why or why not?
Reading the Shorto piece about how disoriented the Irish are by the destruction of the Church’s authority, I couldn’t help thinking of this essay from Sunday’s NYT Magazine about “Downton Abbey,” in which the author speculates as to why we are so enchanted by a world of hierarchy so far removed from our own. Excerpt:
I’m not the first to observe that for a show set in a world in which people are grouped by their inherited privilege or ineluctable servitude, the popularity of “Downton Abbey” seems paradoxical in these times of Occupy protests and presidential candidates who aren’t concerned about the very poor and who pay less in taxes proportionally than does Warren Buffett’s secretary. Clearly, something about this show appeals to our deepest desires, granting us the cake-having and cake-eating satisfaction of indulging in a fantasy of a bygone era that we’re actually thankful is gone.

… In its own weird way, it’s the perfect show for the present moment; a fantasy in which an enlightened overclass and a grateful underclass look deeply into each other’s eyes and realize that they need each other, that there’s a way for them to live together in perfect, symbiotic harmony. It’s a Hegelian fable in which master and servant recognize their mutual dependence and give in to it, realizing that in the grand scheme they are equal. It’s not so much a portrait of an era as it is an advertisement for an imagined ideal of an enlightened aristocracy whose conservatism included a sense of responsibility, not disdain, toward those dependent on it. Which, at this particular political moment, makes it just about the weirdest thing on American TV.

I’ve never seen the show, though my wife is a devotee. It’s not hard to see why this sort of fantasy is appealing, though. My personal version of it was how I used to see the Catholic hierarchy: as an enlightened overclass — one with problems, aye, but one that could in general be trusted to look after the spiritual and moral welfare of the flock, because they had a “sense of responsibility, not disdain” for us. The abuse scandal demolished that fantasy, and made me wonder why I needed so badly to believe it. The answer, I think, is a profoundly human one: a need for a sense of order, and purpose, and authority, in the face of chaotic modernity. Note well that I’m not talking about the specific claims for authority the Catholic Church makes; those are a different question, or issue. Rather, I’m examining my own very deep need to believe in the goodness of authority, especially religious authority — a need that I now treat with great suspicion, even as I recognize that it exists within all of us.

I think it is by no means the case that authority figures always and everywhere end up treating those under their authority like pawns. I can think of authority figures I have known who have been inspiring leaders — inspiring precisely because those under their authority trusted them to govern well, and compassionately. All societies will of necessity have hierarchies, and authority figures. Is it really so unimaginable why people would pine for leaders, and rulers, who are noble and good? Is it really so unimaginable that people would impute nobility and goodness to the authority figures and institutions they have?

The destruction of the old order by the Great War did not issue in a more humane and just order, not in every place. If I were an Irish Catholic, I think I would be very glad — indeed, grateful to God — that the secular power of the Church had been broken. But what comes next? Something will come. Will it be better?

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