The building was a sacred symbol, and every part had the primary function of expressing piety and encoding a belief in divine order. We no longer know how to read this code. It unites the physical with the metaphysical: according to Abbot Suger, building a church involved the transposition of the material into the spiritual. Artists of later ages, even until the present, have tried to achieve something analogous, but they have had no rules to guide them. Their attempts to forge materials into an expression of the ineffable therefore become highly personal visions, reflections of one individual’s spiritual world.The Code of the Cathedral
The building was a sacred symbol, and every part had the primary function of expressing piety and encoding a belief in divine order. We no longer know how to read this code. It unites the physical with the metaphysical: according to Abbot Suger, building a church involved the transposition of the material into the spiritual. Artists of later ages, even until the present, have tried to achieve something analogous, but they have had no rules to guide them. Their attempts to forge materials into an expression of the ineffable therefore become highly personal visions, reflections of one individual’s spiritual world.9 Responses to The Code of the Cathedral
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But I will say this: hubris alone gives us a Trump tower; hubris infused with awe of God gives us Chartres Cathedral.
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I’ll never forget the day my mother and I got turned around on our first visit to Manhattan. We found a church, slipped in the side door… And discovered we had stumbled into St. Patrick’s. It was an amazing and awesome (in the old sense) experience, and truly transcendent.
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Exactly, just as stumbling into a Trump tower wouldn’t be!
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Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres by Henry Adams is an absolute must read. His overall erudition and brilliance is unmatched by any other author I’ve encountered save Fermor. Here is the end of the majestic book:
“Of all the elaborate symbolism which has been suggested for the Gothic cathedral, the most vital and most perfect may be that the slender nervure, the springing motion of the broken arch, the leap downwards of the flying buttress,—the visible effort to throw off a visible strain,—never let us forget that Faith alone supports it, and that, if Faith fails, Heaven is lost. The equilibrium is visibly delicate beyond the line of safety; danger lurks in every stone. The peril of the heavy tower, of the restless vault, of the vagrant buttress; the uncertainty of logic, the inequalities of the syllogism, the irregularities of the mental mirror,—all these haunting nightmares of the Church are expressed as strongly by the Gothic cathedral as though it had been the cry of human suffering, and as no emotion had ever been expressed before or is likely to find expression again. The delight of its aspirations is flung up to the sky. The pathos of its self-distrust and anguish of doubt is buried in the earth as its last secret. You can read out of it whatever else pleases your youth and confidence; to me, this is all.” -
A book I’d recommend for everyone interested in church architecture: Denis McNamara’s Catholic Church Architecture and the Spirit of the Liturgy. While we’re at it, he’s got another one more recent, How to Read Churches: A Crash Course in Ecclesiastical Architecture. I’d recommend the first over the second, as it’s a little more theoretical and theological, equal parts photos and text. But the second is great too.
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It’s very satisfying to find that church architecture in both east and west is not arbitrary. It’s been a long time since I’ve been to Chartres or to any true Gothic cathedral, but I’d like to visit one in France again, as I think French Gothic is the most sublime. These days, I’m much more attuned to Byzantine churches, but in these, too, nothing is arbitrary and the placement of images follows the logic of the architecture. I still remember my first Byzantine art history class as a revelation. I was exhilarated to find so much meaning in the churches.
As for hubris in the great cathedrals, I’m afraid I don’t see it. Would someone elucidate?
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Along these lines, Mr. Dreher, you might appreciate Titus Burckhardt’s classic ‘Chartres and the Birth of the Cathedral’.
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Well, there is nothing humble in a Cathedral; with all the ways the Cathedral glorifies God, it glorifies man too–the king who commissioned it, the architects who design it, the artists and craftsmen who bring it to life, I see their pride and their awe.
Reformist sects saw that too–look at the Old Order Amish, who have no churches at all, but worship communally in each others’ homes to avoid the sin of pride.



Churches are buildings; builders are human. We humans may proclaim our works to be glorifying God, but I see a poignant mixture of our awe of God and our hubris in all great art or architecture–we are always challenging God’s dominion over the earth.